GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Airborne Magnetics - A technique of geophysical exploration of an area using an airborne magnetometer to survey that area. Syn. Aeromagnetic Prospecting.

Anastomosing - Pertaining to a network of branching and rejoining fault or vein surfaces or surface traces.

Anhydrous - As a general term, a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no water.

Anticline - In structural geology, an anticline is a fold that is convex up and has its oldest beds at its core.

Assays - To analyze the proportions of metals in a mineralized material; to test a mineralized material for composition, purity, weight, or other properties of commercial interest.

Carbonates - A sediment formed by the organic or inorganic precipitation from aqueous solution of carbonates of calcium, magnesium, or iron; e.g., limestone and dolomite.

Consulting Geologist - A specialist employed in an advisory capacity. Normally, this person does not manage or direct any operation, and is at the service of the board rather than of the company's administrative and executive staff.

Core Drilling - Drilling that uses hollow diamond-studded drill bits on the end of the drill stem to produce lengths of cylindrical rock of varying diameter. It has the advantage over other drilling methods of producing a solid core sample of the rock the drill has passed through, rather than chips, enabling more accurate determination and characterization of rock types, mineralized material, and structures encountered, and their orientations in three dimensions.

Core Holes - A boring by a diamond drill or other machine that is made for the purpose of obtaining core samples.

Deposits - Mineralized material deposit is used to designate a natural occurrence of a useful mineralized material, in sufficient extent and degree of concentration to invite exploitation.

Dolomite - Is the name of a sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate found in crystals.

Drill Hole Records - A description of the borehole based on the daily logs from the driller and the samples and the report of the geologist.

Drilling - The operation of making deep holes with a drill for prospecting, exploration, or valuation.
Exploration - The search for mineralized material by (1) geological surveys; (2) geophysical prospecting (may be ground, aerial, or both); (3) boreholes and trial pits; or (4) surface or underground headings, drifts, or tunnels. Exploration aims at locating the presence of economically feasible mineralized material deposits and establishing their nature, shape, and grade, and the investigation may be divided into (1) preliminary and (2) final.

Exploratory Drilling - The drilling of boreholes from the surface or from underground workings, to seek and locate mineralized material and to establish geological structure.

Faulting - The process of fracturing and displacement that produces a fault.

Geochemistry - The branch of chemistry dealing with the chemical composition of the earth's crust and the chemical changes that occur there

Geology - Organized body of knowledge about the earth, including physical geology and historical geology, among others.

Geophysics - Physics of the Earth.

Grandiorite - Medium to coarse-grained rock that is one of the most abundant intrusive rocks. It contains quartz and is distinguished from granite by having more plagioclase feldspar than orthoclase feldspar; its other mineral constituents include hornblende, biotite, and augite. Granodiorite is similar to granite in appearance but darker.

Grinding Mill - A machine for the wet or dry fine crushing of rock or other material. The three main types are the ball, rod, and tube mills. The mill consists of a rotating cylindrical drum; the rock enters one hollow trunnion and the finished product leaves the other. Modern practice indicates ball mill feeds of 1/2 in, 3/4 in, and 1 in (1.27 cm, 1.91 cm, and 2.54 cm) for hard, medium, and soft rock respectively and the products range from 35 to 200 mesh and finer.

Gross Ton - The long ton of 2,240 avoirdupois pounds.

High-Grade - Said of a mineralized material reserve with a relatively high mineral content.

Grade - The element or metal content per unit of material.

Intercepts - That portion included between two points in a borehole, as between the point where the hole first encounters a specific rock or mineralized material and where the hole enters a different or underlying rock formation.

Intrusives - Of or pertaining to intrusion--both the processes and the rock so formed.

Log - The paper or electronic record of rock types and other geological and geotechnical information encountered during the drilling of a drill hole.

Metallurgy - The science and art of separating metals and metallic minerals from their ores by mechanical and chemical processes; the preparation of metalliferous materials from raw mineralized material.

Metallurgical Studies - Studies pertaining to the physical and chemical properties and behavior under varying conditions of rocks, minerals, mineralization and mineralized material, their metallic elements and intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures (alloys), and the processes required to optimize the extraction of particular metals.

Metamorphism - A process whereby rocks undergo physical or chemical changes or both to achieve equilibrium with conditions other than those under which they were originally formed (weathering arbitrarily excluded from meaning). Agents of metamorphism are heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids.

Mineralization - The process or processes by which a mineral is introduced into a rock, resulting in a valuable or potentially valuable deposit. It is a general term, incorporating various types; e.g., fissure filling, impregnation, and replacement.

Mining Claim - A mining claim is a parcel of land that has the possibility of containing a valuable mineralized material or proven/probable reserve in the soil or rock. A location is the act of appropriating such a parcel of land according to law or to certain established rules.

Old Workings - Mine working that has been abandoned, allowed to collapse, and perhaps sealed off. Unless proper safeguards are taken, old workings can be a source of danger to workings in production particularly if they are waterlogged and their plan position is uncertain.

Openpit Mine - A mine working or excavation open to the surface.

Openpit Mining - A form of operation designed to extract minerals that lie near the surface. Waste, or overburden, is first removed, and the mineral is broken and loaded, as in a stone quarry.

Probable (Indicated) Reserves - Reserves for which quantity and grade and/or quality are computed from information similar to that used for proven (measured) reserves, but the sites for inspection, sampling, and measurement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced. The degree of assurance, although lower than that for proven (measured) reserves, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation.

Proven (Measured) Reserves - Reserves for which (a) quantity is computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, workings or drill holes; garde and/or quality are computed from the results of detailed sampling and (a) the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are spaced so closely and the geologic character is so well defined that size, shape, depth and mineral content of reserves are well-established.

Proven/Probable Reserve Block - A section of a proven/probable reserve body, usually rectangular, that is used for estimates of overall tonnage and quality.

Proven/Probable Reserve Body - A mass of proven/probable reserve with defined geometry.
Outcrop - The part of a rock formation that appears at the surface of the ground.

Output - The quantity of coal or mineralized material raised from a mine and expressed as being so many tons per shift, per week, or per year.

Planimeter - An instrument for measuring the area of any plane figure by passing a tracer around its boundary line.

Prefeasibility Study (PFS) - A preliminary assessment of the economic viability of mining a deposit. A PFS forms the basis for justifying further investigations including a full Feasibility Study. It usually follows a successful exploration campaign, and summarizes all geological, engineering, environmental, legal and economic information accumulated to date on the project.

Proterozoic Era - Younger of the two divisions of Precambrian time, from 2.5 billion to 542 million years ago.

Proterozoic rocks have been identified on all the continents and often constitute important sources of metallic mineralized material, notably of iron, gold, copper, uranium, and nickel.

Quartzites - Metamorphic rock commonly formed by metamorphism of sandstone and composed of quartz. No rock cleavage. Breaks through sand grains in contrast to sandstone, which breaks around grains.

Reclamation - Restoration of mined land to original contour, use, or condition.

Recovery - The percentage of valuable constituent derived from a mineralized material, or of coal from a coal seam; a measure of mining or extraction efficiency.

Refining - The purification of crude metallic products.

Reverse Circulation - The circulation of bit-coolant and cuttings-removal liquids, drilling fluid, mud, air, or gas down the borehole outside the drill rods and upward inside the drill rods.

Sample - A section of core or a specific quantity of drill cuttings that represents the whole from which it was removed.

Sedimentary - Formed by the deposition of sediment (e.g., a sedimentary clay), or pertaining to the process of sedimentation (e.g., sedimeentary volcanism).

Shales - Fine-grained, detrital sedimentary rock made up of silt- and clay-sized particles. Contains clay mineralized material as well as particles of quartz, feldspar, calcite, dolomite, and other mineralized material. Distinguished from mudstone by presence of fissility.

Skarn - An old Swedish mining term for silicate gangue (amphibole, pyroxene, garnet, etc.) of certain iron mineralized material and sulfide deposits of Archean age, particularly those that have replaced limestone and dolomite. Its meaning has been generally expanded to include lime-bearing silicates, of any geologic age, derived from nearly pure limestone and dolomite with the introduction of large amounts of Si, Al, Fe, and Mg. In American usage, the term is more or less synonymous with tactite.

Strike - Direction of line formed by intersection of a rock surface with a horizontal plane. Strike is always perpendicular to direction of dip.

Stripping Ratio - The unit amount of spoil or overburden that must be removed to gain access to a unit amount of mineralized material, generally expressed in cubic yards of overburden to raw tons of mineralized material.

SURPAC (GENCOM) - is a comprehensive system for mineralized material evaluation, open pit and underground mine design, mine planning and production, used by geologists, engineers and surveyors daily.

Tailings - The finely ground material that remains after all economically recoverable metals or proven/probable reserves of economic interest has been removed from the deposit through milling and processing. Tailings may or may nor contain economically recoverable metals or proven/probable reserves.

Tailing Pond - Area closed at lower end by constraining wall or dam to which mill effluents are run. Clear water may be returned after settlement in dam, via penstock (s) and piping.

Target - The point a borehole or exploration work is intended to reach.

Troy Ounce - One-twelfth of a pound of 5,760 grains (troy pound), or 480 grains. A troy ounce equals 20 pennyweights, 1.09714 avoirdupois oz, or 31.1035 g. It is used in all assay returns for gold, silver, and platinum-group metals.

Vein - A fissure, fault or crack in host rock, of varying dimensions, filled by mineralized material that have travelled upwards from a deeper source.

Veinlet - A narrow, fine stringer or filament of mineralized material that occurs in a discontinuous pattern in the host rock.

Waste Rock - Barren or submarginal rock that has been mined, but is not of sufficient value to warrant treatment and is therefore removed ahead of the milling processes.

Zone - A volume of rock that has mineralized material, or encompasses a particular feature, such as a fault, shear or mineralized material body.